Quality and maximum profit of industrial tomato as affected by distribution uniformity of drip irrigation system

The tomato industry reformed its system of payment by weight of tomato, introducing a corrective system based on percent level of fruit dry matter produced. Such a decision implies significant changes in the management of irrigation systems, with a need to emphasize the technological quality of the marketable product. Three levels of distribution uniformity of the irrigation system are analysed, and related production functions of crop yield and percent of dry matter are presented as well as their use on the optimisation of dry matter, expected revenues and seasonal applied water. Results are critically influenced by the distribution uniformity. They demonstrate the inter-relationship between crop production, percent fruit dry matter and irrigation management, and the importance of considering non-uniformity in the economic analysis of industrial tomato production. Decreases in uniformity lead to a reduction in dry matter production per unit land. Decreases in dry matter are also observed with increasing levels of seasonally applied water, with the optimal level always lower than the required for maximum yield. Such interaction suggests a continuous and inverse relationship between profit and water applied. However, due to the corrective system of payment, by levels of percent of dry matter produced, for some uniformity, the expected revenue follows the yield-water production function instead of the dry matter function. This fact introduces disturbances in the optimal water applied inducing higher than expected levels of water applied for profit maximisation. The simulated data also show that incentives to switch to new systems or management practices able to raise the distribution uniformity result more from profit losses than increases in water price.     

微灌系统均匀度的保证率分析

本文将可靠性理论引入微灌系统灌水质量的评价中。因为微灌灌水均匀度或出流均匀度作为评价灌水质量的指标,它受许多具有不确定性因素的影响,文中分析了这些不确定因素在一定的概率分布条件下微灌单元灌水均匀度的保证率或可靠度。在文献的基础上分析了在一定坡度下,微灌系统均匀度的保证率计算。     

穴盘水稻秧苗拔秧力试验研究

从育秧穴盘中拔秧时，秧苗状况和营养土含水率是影响秧苗脱离穴盘的重要因素。在适宜的营养土钵含水率范围内的机械手拔起穴盘水稻秧苗所需的拔秧力试验表明，1穴秧苗所需的拔秧力为0．4～0．8N，小于1穴1株秧苗茎部所能承受的拔断力（平均为3．732N）；同一穴中秧苗株数对拔秧力基本无影响；多穴秧苗的拔秧力随穴数的增加而增大。营养土含水率越低，拔秧力越大，拔秧效果越差，达到过饱和时，拔秧力也会增加。拔秧时，适宜的营养土含水率为27％～29％（湿基）。     

恒压喷灌系统喷洒水特性变化规律的试验研究

针对恒压喷灌系统压力变化的特性,通过试验得到了在不同工作压力及压力的周期变化情况下,ZY-1、ZY-2型喷头组合喷灌强度及均匀度的变化规律。结果表明,不同工作压力下,平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度与压力之间基本成线性关系;在一定的压力变幅下,系统压力的周期变化对平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度的影响较小,在压力周期不变的情况下,不同...     

Diagnosis of regional evaporation by remote sensing to support irrigation performance assessment

The success of water management in large irrigation schemes with composites of soil, crop, wetness and micro-meteorological conditions is difficult to quantify. Performance assessment indicators, being among others a function of evaporation, are useful tools to evaluate the actual functioning of an irrigation system. The inevitable spatial variability of evaporation in large irrigation schemes makes its determination with conventional point measurements almost impossible. A new remote sensing evaporation parameterization algorithm has been tested with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data for the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Although the implementation of such an algorithm requires assumptions to be made, the current case study shows that these assumptions do not hamper the estimation of actual and potential evaporation at regional scale. The actual evaporation has been used to express the uniformity of crop water use which is related to the equity of irrigation water distribution. The coefficient of variance in actual evaporation between 53 differenent irrigation districts is 10% on average. The relative evaporation was considered to determine whether the crop was adequately irrigated. The relative evaporation was more than 75% for 48 out of 53 irrigation districts. It is concluded, that improved information on actual crop growth conditions through remote sensing provides an essential insight into the planning of real-time and seasonal irrigation water deliveries.     

Division of irrigation water in The Fayoum,Egypt

The division of irrigation water in The Fayoum, Egypt, has been measured. Factors influencing this division are discussed: the hydraulic conditions at structures and canals, the operation regime of gates, lack of reliable gauge data for system operation, shortage of labour, and the water level in Lake Qarun. A deviation from uniform supply has been found for the entire Fayoum, but also along a lateral and sub-lateral. The reasons for this are discussed and suggestions for possible technical improvements of The Fayoum system are given.Abbreviations FWSBM Fayoum Water and Salt Balance Model Project - MSL Mean Sea Level at Alexandria - FID Fayoum Irrigation Department - mcm million cubic metres     

An evaluation of the Porac River irrigation system

An irrigation water management research programme was implemented by Hydraulics Research in collaboration with the National Irrigation Administration of the Philippines on the Porac Area of Porac Gumain Rivers Irrigation System. The objectives of the study are to monitor the response of the main canal network to changes in water availability and assess its capability to deliver crop water requirements to sub-areas jointly managed by National Irrigation Administration staff and existing Irrigator Associations. This paper presents an analysis of the response of the main system to the varying irrigation demands, and assesses the conjunctive use of groundwater with surface water and the potential of computer models to assist management with the preparation of the annual irrigation schedules.     

基于FLUENT的歧管式催化器流场仿真分析

通过数值模拟和试验验证,分析岐管式催化器内部气流的速度场、压力场和气流分布状态。结果表明,随入口流量的增大,岐管式催化器内部气流流速增大、压力损失增大、径向分布的均匀性降低;气流的径向分布不同于常规催化器集中于轴线的轴对称形式,而是呈多中心分散状态,均匀性较常规催化器提高。     

喷灌施肥灌溉均匀性对土壤硝态氮空间分布影响的田间试验研究

在2002～2003年冬小麦生育期内进行了喷灌施肥条件下均匀系数对土壤水氮时空分布及淋失影响的田间试验。试验中，喷灌均匀系数设置低、中、高三个处理，灌溉季节内的平均喷灌均匀系数分别为72%、79%和84%，施肥灌溉均匀系数分别为71%、78%和85%。对70和90 cm深度处的土壤水势进行了监测以评估均匀系数对水氮淋失的影响，结果表明，在所研究的喷灌均匀系数范围内深层渗漏量很小。试验结果还指出，土壤硝态氮随时间和空间表现出很强的变化特征，均匀系数变化范围为23%～97%，变差系数的变化范围为0.04～1.00；灌溉季节内土壤硝态氮分布的均匀性主要取决于初始硝态氮分布的均匀程度，而喷灌均匀系数对土壤氮素的空间分布无明显影响。     

喷灌均匀系数对冬小麦需水规律的影响

利用田间试验研究了不同喷灌均匀系数条件下的冬小麦耗水规律及喷灌蒸发漂移损失。试验设置低、中、高喷灌均匀系数处理,喷灌均匀系数的变化范围为62%～82%。试验结果表明,在北京地区冬小麦生育期内,喷洒水利用系数的变化范围为0.64～0.86,利用系数随喷灌均匀系数的增大而增大,随风速的增大而降低。低均匀系数处理的冬小麦耗水量高于高均匀系数处理。试验结果还表明,在所研究的喷灌均匀系数范围内,均匀系数对产量的影响不明显。